1960-1970 - 1279 Words

1960-1970 During the 1960s the United States was going through a lot of social changes. One of the major trends was the widespread use of illicit drugs. The most common drugs used were hallucinogens, marijuana and LSD. Two men, Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey, were known as the so-called acid gurus of the sixties. They helped gain the recognition of LSD seemingly overnight. Leary and Kesey made very public exploitations and wrote many books to explain and vilify this phenomenon. It all happened so suddenly and soon after young men were wearing long hair and growing beards and the women dressed like peasants and wearing psychedelic colors. All of them dirty, drugged and carefree. They were known as hippies. Being a hippie was the†¦show more content†¦The term ``Pop Art was first used by the English critic Lawrence Alloway in a 1958 issue of Architectural Digest to describe those paintings that celebrate post-war consumerism, defy the psychology of Abstract Expressionism, and worshi p the god of materialism. The most famous of the Pop artists, the cult figure Andy Warhol, recreated quasi-photographic paintings of people or everyday objects. In 1960, Elvis returned to the music scene from the US Army, joining the other white male vocalists at the top of the charts; Bobby Darin, Neil Sedaka, Jerry Lee Lewis, Paul Anka, Del Shannon and Frankie Avalon. America, however, was ready for a change. The Tamla Motown Record Company came on the scene, specializing in black rhythm and blues, aided in the emergence of female groups such as Gladys Knight and the Pips, Martha and the Vandellas, the Supremes, and Aretha Franklin, as well as some black men, including Smoky Robinson, James Brown, Jimi Hendrix, and the Temptations. Bob Dylan helped bring about a folk music revival, along with Joan Baez and Peter, Paul Mary. The Beach Boys began recording music that appealed to high-schoolers. The Beatles, from England, burst into popularity with innovative rock music that appealed to all ages. There was a major change in popular music in the mid-1960s, caused in part by theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fashion in the 1960s and 1970 s1003 Words   |  5 PagesFashion in the 1960s and 1970 s The sixties were a time of growing youth culture and youth fashions, which had already begun in the late fifties. In the west, young people were benefiting from the postwar industrial boom, and had no problem finding work. With extra cash in their pockets, they were able to spend more and had begun to refashion themselves accordingly. This higher demand in the fashion business brought out a new generation of designers. The freedom of extra cash meant roomRead MoreThe Events Of The 1960 s And Through The 1970 S1407 Words   |  6 PagesRodena Woods –History 102- 12/12/15- Final Essay How did the events from the later 1960’s and through the 1970’s contribute to cynicism and mistrust toward the nation’s leaders, especially those in politics? The unexpected occurrences of the late 1960 s through the 1970’s led to a broad form of skepticism and distrust toward the countries leaders in a number of ways. The occurrences that impacted how Americans looked at the nation’s leader was complete disillusionment. They felt this way becauseRead MoreEssay on The Cold War and West Germany 1960-19701442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War and West Germany 1960-1970 During the formative years of the Cold War, Germany had become both the potential balancer and ideological battleground between the East and the West. After Stalins death in 1953 tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union seemed to be improving. However, by the late 1950s when Khruschev took over power, hostility was on the rise due to his efforts to bully the United States into dà ©tente through intimidation. Khruschev wished for, amongRead MoreThe Fight for Bilingual Education and Women’s Rights in the 1960s and 1970s959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights movement, during the 1960s and 1970s, created many changes for both American society and its schools. The transformations were the result of such movements as Bilingual Education, women’s’ rights activity, and the passing of the Public Law 94-142 legislation. The incorporation of these new laws and ideas into society all came with their own consequences. Each of them helped, in some way, to lessen the inequality of minority groups in America, like students whose primary languageRead MoreA Report On The New World Of The 1960 s And The 1970 S1475 Words   |  6 Pagescompany. It seems that they have made a very interesting and unique discovery, and they wanted me there right away to take a look. My colleagues and I were astonished when we found out that the item in question was actually a time capsule from the 1960’s. We worked as a team and took extra caution while we opened up the capsule because we did not want to damage anything that could be lying inside. We could not believe that we were actually looking at items that were around that long ago. The firstRead MoreSymbolic And Interpretive Anthropology Of The 1960 s And 1970890 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1960’s and 1970’s in both Britain and the United States found a resurgence of interest in cultural meaning, in the field of symbolic and interpretive anthropology. Symbolic and Interpretive anthropology studies the way people understand their surroundings, actions and utterance of other members of their society through the examinations of symbols. These symbols can be displayed through processes of myth and ritual and reveal how humans/social groups assign meanings to these symbols in order toRead MoreComparing 1960 s And 1970 s Feminist Movement1858 Words   |  8 Pages1960’s and 1970’s Feminist Movement According to Simone de Beauvoir in the 1949 The Second Sex, â€Å"One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. No biological, psychological or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society; it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature. Thus women began to read and understand de Beauvoir’s point of view that women where the product of the U.S. gender socialization that as she predicted was their reality. The social politicalRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Women During The 1960 s And 1970 S1472 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen brought upon white females and both black males and females. From a very young age, girls are held to different standards than boys. They are expected to act differently, strive for different things, and lead a more cleanly life. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, feminism was not yet a prominent idea. You wouldn’t see large groups of women, and some men too, crowding the streets promoting their beliefs that women and men should receive equal pay, women should be able to hold positions of importanceRead More Music and the Sixties Essays909 Words   |  4 PagesMusic and the Sixties What the music of the late 1960s and early 1970 are attempting to achieve is a protest to the U.S. government. From the lyrics of Neil Youngs Ohio performed by Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young, the vocalists are memorializing the incident that occurred during a protest about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War in Kent State University where nine students were injured and four students were killed by the Ohio National Guardsmen who opened fire on unarmed students: Read MoreLabelling Perspectives Within The 1960 s And 1970 S1626 Words   |  7 PagesLabelling perspectives emerged in the 1960’s and 1970’s, particularly in advanced capitalist countries, including the USA, where social reaction became a popular means to label ‘defiant’ and ‘deviant’ behaviour in society (White, Haines Asquith, 2012, p. 97; Martin, 2012, p. 134). Juveniles who have been labelled due to social reaction are likely to commit themselves to the new label, resulting in a change of identity in order to fit the label, which often generates negative consequences (White

The Effects Of Advertisements And Their Effect On Teen Brain

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Diet Pills 2 i. Laxatives: 3 ii. Stimulants 3 iii. Appetite suppressant 3 Weight Loss Advertisements 3 Advertisements About Creams or Patches That Can Burn Fat. 4 False Advertisements and their effect on Teen Brain 5 References 7 Image References 7 Introduction The number of false advertisements in fitness industry have increased in the past few years. Now is the prime time to tell people that they should not blindly trust these advertisements and try to do a little research or consult any health care practitioner before using the product or the service. Radcliffe (2016) claims that â€Å"Sadly, one-third of adults and 17% of children in the U.S. are obese, and weight loss drugs have become a big business† There are various topics that will be focused during this presentation like diet pills advertisements, weight loss advertisements, creams that claim to melt fat. Diet Pills Due to sedentary lifestyle people now a days are getting interested in methods that will help them to reduce their weight in a quick and easy way and completely ignoring the side effects of these products. Researches show that people who are exposed to weight loss or diet pills advertisements tend to make unhealthier food choice. Often diet pills advertisements are filled with pictures of models or people who are in good shape trying to prove people that taking these pills will make you look like them. Diet pills or weight loss pills is consideredShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Using Tanning Salons1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthis â€Å"perfect† image. These looks are popularized through stars, models, and individuals that the younger population look up to. Enforcing insecurity amongst teens, advertisements portray these ultimate, beautiful, â€Å"natural† looks. However, what they do not portray is the time, effort, and health risks involved. Unfortunately these teens do not take into consideration the harsh circumstances that these procedures consist of. In other words, they are not aware of the after affects that will alterRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects O n Teen And Young Undeveloped Brains1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe advertising business views teenagers in society as a viable market section, due to their immature understanding of the media and its dazzling impact on teen and young undeveloped brains. The media is progressively specializing in children and adolescents to captivate with advertisements. according to market research corporations, teenagers are vital to marketers because they can pay a considerable open income, spend family cash easily, and they are easily able to influence their families to spendRead MoreEffects media has on teenagers1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects the Media has on Teenagers James Morrison, an entertainer, states that â€Å"whoever controls the media, controls the brain.† Within this quote, Morrison implies that the media has an effect on the human brain and can affect it tremendously. The media has effects on teenagers, both positive and negative. The media is a vast forum of communication that permeates nearly every aspect of culture (Mokeyane). It consists of a broad spectrum of communication such as: television, films, web sitesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On People1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on People Media violence impacts the physical aggression of human beings. It is one of the many potential factors that influence the risk for violence and aggression. Research has proven that aggression in children will cause the likelihood of aggression in their adulthood. Theories have evolved that the violence present in the media most likely teaches the viewer to be more violent. It is a risky behavior that is established from the childhood. Furthermore, media violenceRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Television on Children in Society Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesAn estimated one billion television sets have been sold in North America, and on average, children watch 28 hours per week. The effect of television creates negative development in children. Television is one of the biggest contributions to the growing amount of obese children in North America. The amount of glorified violence in today’s society can be attributed to children watching high rated television shows. Many yo ung children are involved in promiscuous behaviour. This might be a result ofRead MoreCauses and Effects of Smoking in Our Life990 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become one of the world’s main concerns after the realization of its effect on human health. Tobacco was first introduced by Native Americans. Tobacco was known to be harmless and a stress reliever. Eventually, smoking became popular all over the world and as normal as food. The increase in technology has brought out all the negative aspects and the side effects of smoking. Scientific analysis has proven that smoking is one of the main causes for death in the world. Since smoking hasRead MoreThe Effects of Online Media on Adolescents1454 Words   |  6 Pagesare the younger, more easily impacted generations. Although there are many positive uses for online media, there are many negative uses as well. Unfortunately, it is all too easy for these negative effects to impede upon the perceptions of adolescents. Some c ountries have been trying to reduce this effect by expelling the inappropriate content of online media (Influence on Children Media...†). However, in the United States, children are thrown in the waves, expected to stay afloat in this massiveRead MoreEssay On Marketing To Children1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Advertisements are everywhere, and there seems to be no escape from them, whether it is at home or on the street. In recent years, more advertisements have been targeting the youth of society, more specifically children thirteen years and younger. Children are targets for ads because they are the most impressionable, and therefore can and have been exploited for a profit by large corporations for many years. For these following reasons, I believe that the marketing to children is aRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagestwentieth century, mass media became widely recognized. In a period of mass availability, people today have entry to more media outlets than ever before. According to media scholar Jean Kilbourne,â€Å"the average American is exposed to over 3,000 advertisements a day and watches three years’ worth of television ads over the course of a lifetime† (back cover). It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, and to the books and magazines we read each dayRead MoreAdvertising Standards Authority ( Asa )1391 Words   |  6 PagesETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISMENT INTRODUCTION Advertisement is the one way persuasive communication with a purpose to promote goods or services to potential customers. Advertisement is the backbone of commerce and industry and one of the richest industries of the world. Advertisement has acquired an unprecedented importance due to audiovisual means of information and entertainment. Due to this impact people became selective in this segment, now they prefer better, healthier and convenient style of

Annotated Bibliography of Articles about Nursing - 887 Words

Author. (2012, July). Nursing Workforce: Background Brief. KaiserEDU.org The strength of this study stems from it reliance on reports from foundations and government agencies with verifiable data. Nursing shortage data in this study puts the 2000 figure at 110,000 open registered nursing positions, which is a 6 percent shortage of supply. By 2008, this report indicted that hospital and long-term facilities were reporting a shortage of 8.1 percent. Estimates put the shortage of registered nurses at 260,000 full-time equivalents (FTEs), a figure that is double any nursing shortages since the 1960s. Solutions to nursing shortages that have emphasized increases in compensation or international recruitment are not expected to increase the supply of nurses over the long-term. This report addresses the inadequacies of institutions of higher education, noting that 75,587 qualified applicants were turned away from both undergraduate and graduate nursing programs in 2011 alone. Retention strategies are also addressed in this report, notably, the Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002 and the Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, but this legislation and investments by the States have had limited success. The report from the 2010 IOM/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The Future of Nursing, emphasizes professionalization and advanced practice strategies to promote interest and status for practicing nurses. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) may bring about sea changes thatShow MoreRelatedA Annotated Bibliography On The Field Of Nursing1600 Words   |  7 PagesAn annotated bibliography is used to assess other written works of information related to the topic you are discussing. This assignment is to help students learn how to deal with one of the many communication concerns they may come across in the field of nursing. They will achieve this by researching and assessing other sources as well as evidently and logically writing about their findings. The topic of this annotated bibliography is communicating with people who have Aphasia. Aphasia is neurologicalRead MoreA Discussion On Sexuality And Sexually Transmitted Infections / Diseases And Sexual Development Throughout Life955 Words   |  4 Pageswas only one this week, a discussion on sexuality in later life, the quiz and this wonderful three page reflection paper. Additionally our annotated bibliography was due this week. As usual, I will start with this week’s reading from the Taking Sides text. This week was slightly different in that we were given only one topic to read and discuss. The article discussed opposing views on whether or not sexting was considered safe sex. For my initial opinion on the topic, it seemed obvious to meRead MoreAlcohol Annotated Bibliography2329 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol Annotated Bibliography. Introduction. This Annotated Bibliography has been developed in co-ordination with an Alcohol Poster presentation, with the aim of elucidating the dangers alcohol has on a person’s health and wellbeing. The author chose alcohol as a topic, as it is well-known to be dangerous but in contrast it is readily available for people to purchase. Alcohol dependency has serious detrimental effects on people’s health and social lives. The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2008)Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages toRead MoreSummary and Critique of The Timelessness of Nursing Theory1302 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography of Two Nursing Articles Summary and critique of The timelessness of nursing theory by Sandra Schmidt Bunkers. This article by Bunkers examines the ways in which nursing theory as articulated by Florence Nightingale and supported by Rosemarie Parses theoretical modeling can be understood as being timeless and to what extent it should be considered as rooted in a particular historical moment and cultural context. Bunkers draws on both her academic and professional expertiseRead MoreTherapeutic And Non Therapeutic Communication1108 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is the result of the review of five different articles that supports the PICOT statement which was about effects of therapeutic and non-therapeutic communications, in nurse-patient relationship, on patient’s conditions in hospital. The paper contains of explanation of each article followed by the relation to the PICOT statement. This paper will discuss the importance of therapeutic techniques, in contrast of non-therapeutic techniques, in health care setting by providing different resourcesRead MoreNurses Are Causing Multiple M edication Errors in a Clinical and Practice Setting1030 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional, patient, or consumer. It is very important for experienced nurses and nursing professors to identify medication errors to prevent them from harming the patient. Some of the errors that were identified were not reported because registered nurses didn’t want their peers to think they were irresponsible (Unver, Tastan, Akbayrak, 2012). Nurse shaming did not help increase positive outcomes of reporting errors among nursing students and registered nurses (Harding Petrick, 2008). When medicationRead MoreI Am A Great Clinical Day1088 Words   |  5 PagesToday was a great clinical day, where Jessica and I got to teach three foster teens about nutrition labels, unit prices, making grocery lists, coupons, and took a tour of a grocery store. The students applied what they learned in class by comparing items using unit prices, and looking at deals. As well as, compared nutrition labels of diff erent brands, of the same items. It was very interesting, to see the comparison. At the end of the class, we gave the students coupons and a booklet of couponsRead MoreRole Stereotyping, Misconceptions About Nursing Career1486 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in (2011) reveals that only 6% of registered nurses in the US are AA. Loftin et al. (2012) listed inadequate monetary funding, insufficient moral and emotional support, lack of academic and nursing program advising as well as scant technical support and professional socialization as some of the reasons that explain why few AA fails to pursue nursing or complete the nursing program. Role stereotyping, misconceptions about nursing career are also noted reasonsRead MoreNursing Shortage Effects On Quality Patient Care1346 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: The Nursing Shortage Effects on Quality Patient Care Prior to starting nursing school, I worked as a patient care technician at a hospital in my hometown. Many times, there were not enough nurses to efficiently take on the amount of patients on our medical surgical floor. Therefore, the nurse to patient ratio was exceeded on many of the shifts. While working as a technician, I never fully understood the daily struggles of the nurses when having the responsibility of seven

Class and Culture - 1756 Words

Introduction In various societies across the globe, culture is normally seen as an enabling or limiting factor for social, political and economic progression. Through this understanding it has been established that there is a strong relationship between class and culture. This relationship has been previously investigated by researchers such as Pierre Bourdieu who identified that class affects culture and consequently, culture affects ones life chances, income and other economic parameters (Lane 2000, p. 1). Many other researchers have often voiced their concerns over the increased gap between the rich and the poor (worldwide) and expressed their concern over the fact that the world has failed to acknowledge the role of culture in†¦show more content†¦6). In other words, the media has been criticized for upholding passivity and conformity to given principles, attitudes and perspectives about life, without feeding the masses with dissenting ideas that can help them grow in th eir own light. From this analysis, we can see that the media has done a god job in shaping public opinion and even though it has also done a commendable job enlightening the masses and promoting social freedom; its success is not true in the case of portraying the true picture regarding culture and social classes. Gans (1999) identifies that the points of view expressed by popular culture is a fallacy and a creation of the writers and journalists who write about popular culture. Often, they have been criticized by critics of popular culture that they have failed to conform to the principles of high culture and therefore they criticize it. Much to their advantage, they have been given the time of day because their audience is essentially people of low culture (the masses) and therefore they have found a big market for their works. This situation, has even led to the arrogance of some writers and journalists of popular culture who have stated in the past that so long as their audience buys their works, proponents of the high culture are either wrong or irrelevant (Gans 1999, p.Show MoreRelatedRace, Class, and Culture893 Words   |  4 PagesToccara Townsend 12-2-2008 SBS 318 Critical Essay #2 Does being born connected to a certain race, class and culture define you as a person and the way you should or shouldn’t live your life. Does being in a certain class make you have class? In the paper I plan to give examples of how race, class and culture affected the African American culture. Growing up you always heard your family members speak of making sure you get an education or that education was the key to your successRead MoreThe Mass And Class Culture900 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal being. The most logical reasoning for this perspective switch is due to mass culture emerging and developing during the 20th century. Cultural studies connect mass culture to the western capitalist society, conveying ideas of a system centered on primarily TV, radio, and cinema. These cultural values and ideas are collected from the exposure of activities, communication media, music and art. Mass culture holds the relationship between an artist and audience and generated by impresarios. SubjectsRead MoreClass, Culture, And Gender856 Words   |  4 Pages Intersectionality is the concept that is used when examining the interconnections between a group or a an individual dealing with race, class, culture, and gender. Since these groups intersect with one another, they cannot b e examined separately. The term intersectionality was first coined by Kimberle Crenshaw, being a woman of color she argued that black women have to deal with two types of discrimination, racism and sexism. A combination of two types of discrimination, when studying an individualRead MoreGender, Class And Traditional Culture903 Words   |  4 PagesGender, class and traditional culture all have a prodigious impact on the fate of ones future and the obstacles that arise in the pursuit of the American Dream. In the film, Real Women Have Curves, the viewer can witness firsthand what it entails to live a lifestyle of a first generation Mexican teenager living in a Hispanic neighborhood in East Los Angles. The film draws you in on an intimate level and allows you to relate to the culture and viewpoints of traditional Mexican heritage. The take homeRead MoreClass Culture Is A Real Structure Essay2296 Words   |  10 PagesReading America- Sherry B. Ortner Ortner views class culture is a â€Å"real structure† in American society. The classic Marxist view attributes the differential relations of class to the means of production. A small number of people own the major systems of the production, while the rest of the population produces the wealth that contributes to the few. The neo-Marxist account expresses class as the salaried middle class and their power over other people’s lives, whether one owns the means of productionRead MoreIdentity, Social Class, And Culture Essay1880 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual has multiple identity. Through all aspects of life, you identify objects and categorize them. Similarly, people are categorized as well. By their; gender, religion, social class, and culture. At birth you’re immediately identified or categorized by; gender and race. As you grow up, your parents religion and social class are imposed on you. But identity is not a thing to be had, but an experience of the rela tionship between the different experiences and feelings that make up identity over timeRead MoreDifferences Between Culture, Race, And Class1329 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will focus on the similarities and differences in cultures and how it relates to schooling, family, religion, education and language. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effects that culture, race, and class have on human’s behaviors, resilience, struggles and faith. . The cross culture countries of analysis will be Guyana and Portugal which are situated at two opposite ends of the world. Which makes this comparison even more compelling? With worlds so distant, one mightRead MoreDifferences Between Culture, Race, And Class1546 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will focus on the similarities and differences in cultures and how it relates to human resilience, struggles and faith. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effects that culture, race, and class have on human behaviors an d beliefs. The cross culture countries of analysis will be Guyana and Portugal which are situated at two opposite ends of the world. One major difference is Guyana, which is located in South America and Portugal in Southwestern Europe. Which makes this comparisonRead MoreEssay on Class and Culture in Urban American3803 Words   |  16 PagesClass and Culture in Urban American A gang is a loosely organized group of individual people who join forces for social reasons. Or anti-social reasons depending on how one looks at it. A person may join a gang for numerous reasons. These reasons include the need for â€Å"identity, discipline, recognition, love, money, and belonging.† 5 â€Å"Today there are approximately 274 Blood and Crip gangs in Los Angeles County alone.† 1 The gangs that are often in the news are usually made up ofRead MoreAlienation of Elle: Clash of Culture or Class?1290 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought me to the conclusion that Ellen’s radical habits that so alienated her from Old New York society were not due simply to being raised in Europe. Other factors such as living in a non-traditional family on middle-class means, also contributed to Ellen’s odd tendencies. Since class differences among members of Old New York was, according to Wharton’s The Age of Innocence, generally taboo in conversation, Ellen’s faults were simply caused by Europe’s inappropriate society. To the contrary of

Software Licensing Over Software Piracy Free Essays

string(434) " of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet\." In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12. 5 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $2. 2 billion in the United States alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Licensing Over Software Piracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Estimates show that over 40 percent of U. S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industry’s piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate etting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holder’s rights in the secret. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the same elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical evice. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the user’s right to make a single ackup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i. e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give you amages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to Title 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992. This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, ines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail Under United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use by different users within an organization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else – is prohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individual’s company can be tried under both civil and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both. When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry feels the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar spent in purchasing original software is funneled back into research and development of new software. Software piracy can be found in three forms: software counterfeiting, which is he illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet. You read "Software Licensing Over Software Piracy" in category "Essay examples" When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or upgrade version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U. S. have determined that operating systems, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some lower federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection. Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clearing copyright for small elements of text, The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the Business Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry. SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million The Software Publishers Association (SPA) funds a educational rogram to inform individuals and corporations about software use and the law. This program provides all PC users with the tools needed to comply with copyright law and become software legal. The SPA also publishes brochures free of charge about the legal use of software for individuals and businesses. Also available to help corporations understand the copyright law is a 12-minute videotape, which is composed of the most commonly asked questions and answers to them. The video tape is available in French and Spanish and all together over 35,000 copies of the tape had been sold. SPA has also compiled a free Self-Audit Kit with which organizations can examine their software use practices. Included in the kit, is a software inventory management program designed to help an organization track their commercial software programs that are on all hard disks. The program searches PC hard disks for more than 1300 of the most common programs used in Also available is the SPA Software Management Guide which helps companies audit their current software policies, educate employees about the legal use of software, and establish procedures to purchase, register, upgrade and backup computing systems. The guide in ddition also provides an Internal Controls Analysis and Questionnaire. The guide also contains all of the SPA’s current anti-piracy materials. The U. S. software industry is facing the challenges of more sophisticated network environments, greater competition among software companies along with hardware manufacturers. At this moment more software than ever before is distributed on a high volume, mass marketed basis. There are many types of software out on the market and increasing every day. They range from graphical user interfaces for application programs such as mass-market spreadsheets, to more sophisticated technical software sed to design integrated circuits. The use of software plays a more vital role daily in our lives such as embedded software, which is critical to equipment in locations as a doctor=s office or an automotive shop. The instrument and devices found there depend more and more on software, because software provides the flexibility to meet the many different needs to the end user. As our lives our shaped and enhanced more by technology, there is already a greater demand One of the main concerns of the software industry is how to deal with the issues of Asoftware licensing. More and more customers ant customized software suited for their business or personal need, and expect the software development firms to accommodate to their wishes. The other side of this issue is that software development firms are concerned with unrealized revenue and excess costs in the form of software piracy, unauthorized use, excess discounts and lengthened sales cycles. For the customer and the software development firm, both have high administrative costs in regards to software programs. Software licensing policies were originally a result of software developers’ need to protect their revenue base in the face of otential piracy. Product delivery for software is made up of a number of different components, which are referred to as ‘software licensing’. The following factors are taken into consideration when determining a cost for a ‘software license’; physical delivery pricing, metric discounts, license periods support and maintenance, license management Tech support, change in use bug fixes and Platform Migration Product enhancements. The most commonly found type of software license found in business is known as a, ‘Network license’. There are four types of categories that are classified as a network Concurrent use licenses authorized a specified number of users to access and execute licensed software at any time. Site licenses authorize use at a single site, but are slowly being phased out and replaced by enterprise licenses. Enterprise licenses cover all sites within a corporation because of more virtual computing environments. Node licenses are also slowly being phased out because they are mainly used in a client/server environment, since the licensed software may be used only on a specified workstation in which a user must log on to in order to access and execute the software application. Currently the rend in a network system is to use measurement software, which allows vendors to be more flexible in licensing arrangements. This management software monitors and restricts the number of users or clients who may access and execute the application software at any one time. This is significant because a user pays only for needed use and a vendor can monitor such use to protect intellectual property. A new type of license that is emerging is known as a, ‘currency-based license’. This type of license work on the basis that it provides to the end user a specified dollar amount of software licenses. For example, licenses or different business application software, so long as the total value in use at a given time is less than dollars. Another type of license emerging is known as a ‘platform-independent’ licensing, which one license permits software to be used on a variety of different computer systems within a business, instead of buying a different license for each version of the same software used by different systems. The most common type of licensing is known as ‘Shrink-wrap’, the concept behind this that the licenses terms are deemed accepted once the end user breaks a shrink-wrap seal or opens a sealed envelope ontaining the software. A reason for these new types of licensing emerging is that when software licensing was first introduced, the software development firms assumed that most businesses would use the software for a 8 to 10 hour period. Yet, did not take into consideration that with the advancement of technology, more businesses would want a ‘floating license’ across the world for 24 hours – thus it was not cost effective for the software development firm. A floating license is a license that is made available to anyone on a network. The licenses are not ‘locked’ to particular workstations, nstead they Afloat to modes on the network. Shareware, freeware and public domain are different type of software available to the end user, and are distinguished by different rules about how programs may be distributed, copied, used and modified. The term ‘shareware’ refers to software that is distributed at a low cost, but which requires usually a payment after a certain time period and registration for full use. Copies of this software are offered on a trial basis, the end user is free to try a scaled down version of the program. If the end user wants the shareware program, ncluded in the program is information specifying how to register the program and what fee is required. Once registered the end user will typically receive a printed manual, an updated copy of the software (often with additional features), and the legal right to use the program in their home or business. The advantage that shareware has is that it lets the end user thoroughly test a program to see if it=s useful before making a purchase. The authors of shareware programs retain their copyright on the contents, and as other copyrighted Freeware is also distributed at a very low cost and like hareware is found mainly on the Internet. The authors of the freeware program do not expect payment for their software. Typically, freeware programs are small utilities or incomplete programs that are released by authors for the potential benefit to others, but the drawback to this is that there is no technical support. Public domain software is generally found on the Internet and is released without any condition upon its use. It may be copied, modified and distributed as the end user wishes to do. A license manager is a system utility-like application that controls or monitors the use of another end-user pplication. It is generally implemented to protect intellectual property (meaning to stop illegal copying) and/or to become more competitive by offering new ways in which to evaluate, purchase and pay for software. Since the license manager controls the number of application users, there is not a need to control the number of application copies. This process lets the end user run one or more applications between machines, without violating the terms of the SPA has created a program that companies can use to help discover and correct problems before they result in legal actions, fines and also negative publicity. How to cite Software Licensing Over Software Piracy, Essay examples

E-Commerce in Hong Kong free essay sample

With the following predictions of e-commerce trends, e-superstore is taken as the example to show how to exploit a business opportunity on internet. 1. Definition of E-Commerce From words of Sean De Burca, 2004, E-Commerce stands for Electronic Commerce and is defined as the exchange of business information and transactions by using electronic methods. These methods include the use of telephone and fax, use of internet, intranet and extranet, use of ATM, use of digital cash and so on. (Sean de burca, Richard Fletcher, linden Brown, 2004, p. 671) Jeffrey F. Rayport, 2001, states that there are four common characteristics of e-commerce. The first one is about the exchange of digitized information which includes the electronic order, music or even the books. The second one is technology-enabled, it means that technology provides an interface for transaction between parties, such as ATM, Internet browsers, electronic data interchange (EDI) and so on. Also, e-commerce sometimes is technology-mediated which means that there is no human, but technology, involving in the transactions and makes the market changing from place to space. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Commerce in Hong Kong or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last one is that e-commerce includes the computer onnected-network, either inside or outside of an organization, to support the exchange of the digitized information. An efficient network is always a critical successful factor to an e-commerce business. Figure 1A below shows the major e-commerce activities. (Jeffrey F. Rayport Bernard J. Jaworski, 2001, p. 2-3) Figure 1A Types of E-Commerce activities (Sean de burca, Richard Fletcher, linden Brown, 2004, p. 671) ActivitiesDetails Exchanges of digital productsSoftware, books, CDs Marketing channelsAdvertising, market research, public relations Service provisionFlight ticket, educational services EntertainmentGames, online video Financial transactionsBuying and selling, payment 1. 1 Types of E-Commerce Jeffrey F. Rayport, 2001, distinguishes e-commerce into four categories which are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C) and consumer-to-business (C2B). (Jeffrey F. Rayport Bernard J. Jaworski, 2001, p. 3) 1. 11 Business-to-Business (B2B) refers to the business activities between two organizations. This type of e-commerce activities always involve in purchasing and procurement, inventory management, payment management, and system support. Purchasing of materials for manufacturing and goods for retailing are the typical examples of B2B activities. E. g. Alibaba. com and freemarkets. com. (Jeffrey F. Rayport Bernard J. Jaworski, 2001, p. 3) 1. 12 Business-to-consumer (B2C) refers to, just as the phase that, exchanges between businesses and consumers. This always involves the sales activities, service provision and consumer search. Sales of books, songs, commodities and travelling packages are the typical examples in such e-commerce activities. E. g. Amazon. com Dell. com. (Jeffrey F. Rayport Bernard J. Jaworski, 2001, p. 4) 1. 13 Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) refers to exchanges among consumers. In this type of e-commerce activities, third party may or may not involve in it. Auction activities, web-based communications, job search engine and personal services are the examples of C2C. E. g. Ebay. com, www. icq. com and Jobsdb. com. (Jeffrey F. Rayport Bernard J. Jaworski, 2001, p. 4) 1. 14 Consumer-to-business (C2B) refers to a type of e-commerce in which consumers, with the same demand, form a group to businesses. However, it is less popular rather than other three categories.

Hearing the Unheard free essay sample

â€Å"We need to stop thinking of the deaf as disabled and start thinking of them as bilingual!† –Dr. Joseph Valente My reflection on â€Å"Hearing the Unheard† by Dr. Joseph Valente, is that deaf education and oralism needs to be reformed. Deaf education today has drastically altered the future of the majority of deaf persons! The lack of education and knowledge of basic education is astounding to the hearing world. As Dr. Valente said, â€Å"At high school graduation the average reading level is equivalent to the fourth grade.† How can this be? How can a hearing and deaf world expect a fourth grader to understand engineering, biochemistry topics, advanced English literature from the 18th century, etc. if the student is graduating 12th grade with a 4th grade reading level? How can this fourth grader be expected to attend college, and graduate with the other 25% of deaf people who do so? The answer is that they cannot! More importantly how can this deaf p erson earn a living, provide for themselves and possible a family surrounding him or her? Today, 60% of all deaf adults are unemployed! This number of 60% deaf unemployment is astronomical compared to the national unemployment rate of 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Hearing the Unheard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7% in February 2013. Dr, Joseph Valente said, â€Å"We need to stop putting deaf people in special education, and we need to put them in bilingual education† How can a country mixed with: bilingual persons, immigrants, cultural differences, poverty, wealth and many more factors, expect to prosper with one culture being neglected? â€Å"Oralism- the theory, practice, or advocacy of education for the deaf chiefly or exclusively through lipreading, training in speech production, and training of residual hearing.† (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oralism?s=t) The nature of oralism is telling children and other deaf individuals to become hearing in any way possible. Ways to associate with hearing people are receiving cochlear implants, learning to lipread, learning how to mimic others behavior, etc. But if the oralistic hearing culture wants there to be a hearing/oralistic/deaf culture, then there is no difference in their eyes. The problem with oralism is that deaf people are being neglected, the fundamentals of their deaf culture are abandoned, and the hearing culture is implemented. If the majority of deaf people are mainstreamed, given hearing aids, and learn lipreading; there is no difference physically between the hearing and the deaf. The difference is mentally, and emotionally. If the oralism approach is working today then why is the literacy rate so low, why is deaf unemployment rate so high, and why is the graduation rate so low? If the deaf were excelling then these crazy numbers wouldn’t be an issue, but the statistics do not lie. Oralism is not working for the deaf community, reform to the education system and oralistic approach need to be addressed. How many parents of deaf children know American Sign Language? According to, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Only-a-Quarter-of-Parents-to-Deaf-Kids-Know-Sign-Language-158192.shtml, only 25% of all parents to deaf children know American Sign Language. How can a child be nurtured during a rocky time, consoled when he or she is picked on, given advice during a teachable moment, etc.. if the parents do not know how to communicate with them? How is a deaf child expected to succeed if they are not given proper education, social skills, and parenting advice? The answer is that this child will not succeed in todays’ world, and apparently a world that does not make room for a culture trying to live in it. Can deaf people participate competitively in sports? I have always played sports and have played against Deaf people before. I wonder if there are national sporting games for the deaf? Yes, The Deaflympics are a worldwide Olympics event for deaf persons who choose to participate. The Deaflympics are held every 4 years and the recent one was held in Salt Lake City, Utah. During the previous Deaflympics over 4,000 individuals competed from 77 countries. The Deaflympics continues to grow and even today a few deaf athletes have participated in the Olympics to earn medals. You bet I will keep an eye out for the deaf in the upcoming Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.